Les drogues et le système nerveux (1969)
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Générique principal
Contenus
Thèmes médicaux
- Toxicologie générale. Étude des produits toxiques et des intoxications
- Formes diverses des maladies, des traitements et de l'administration des médicaments
- Psychiatrie. Pathologies psychiatriques. Psychopathologie. Phrénopathies. Psychoses. Anomalies mentales. États psychiques et mentaux morbides. Désordres émotionnels et comportementaux
Sujet
Medical use of drugs in experiments on the nervous system and psychological treatment
Genre dominant
Résumé
Pierre Desgraupes, TV journalist for the ORTF (see the TV magazine show Cinq colonnes à la Une with Igor Barrère), brings together several doctors specialised in drug experimentation on the nervous system. One by one, these doctors present the method of experimentation, which is first applied on animals and then humans, the classification employed and the different therapeutic uses of the drugs. Afterwards, a psychological therapy session whereby a patient is subjected to a sedative followed by a “stimulant” (psychoanoleptic) is shown. The TV show ends with a discussion on illegal drugs and the dangers they pose.
Contexte
Several contemporary news stories, notably broadcasted before feature films, explore the phenomenon of drug addiction among young people.
The therapy sequence in this show (19’05) could be compared to sessions involving “chemical hypnosis” seen in a certain number of American films produced by the Navy to treat war trauma. E.g. Combat Exhaustion at (26’04) and The N.P. Patient at (15’45).
Éléments structurants du film
- Images de reportage : Oui.
- Images en plateau : Oui.
- Images d'archives : Oui.
- Séquences d'animation : Non.
- Cartons : Non.
- Animateur : Oui.
- Voix off : Oui.
- Interview : Oui.
- Musique et bruitages : Oui.
- Images communes avec d'autres films : Non.
Comment le film dirige-t-il le regard du spectateur ?
The film targets a secondary school audience. Desgraupes calls out to this audience in the opening sequence by making reference to the chemistry and physiology courses that they take in school. When presenting the medical use of drugs, the film seemingly attempts to include the issue of drug toxicity, to which young people are exposed. The large body of the film dedicated to experimentation and treatment ends with a message of prevention which is delivered in the final interview. Throughout the film, various sequences (short interviews with doctors, sequences showing the surprising effects of different drugs on cats, close-ups of encephalograms and a filmed psychological therapy session) all come together to capture and maintain the viewer’s attention.
Comment la santé et la médecine sont-elles présentées ?
The film is centred on interviews conducted by Pierre Desgraupes with different specialists from Sainte-Anne Hospital and Paris’ Faculty of Medicine. The interviewees are portrayed as experts in new methods of treatment which initially rely on animal experimentation and involve taking into account the individual reaction of each animal before cross-checking the results obtained. This TV show insists on the use of technology to monitor, record or study the effects of drugs. Once the effect of a drug is known, it is included in psychiatric treatments.
Diffusion et réception
Où le film est-il projeté ?
School TV network (in 1969, the school TV audience rating was between 2% and 6%. In 1973, 1/3 of schools were equipped with a television. – Education – Formation no. e- 289 - Dec. 2008)
Communications et événements associés au film
The magazine entitled Bulletin de la radio-télévision scolaire
Public
Students from the schools where a screening was organised
Audience
Descriptif libre
Introduction by Pierre Desgraupes
Desgraupes appears in a medium shot, centred before a window overlooking a street. As the frame widens in the second sequence, the viewer discovers that he is accompanied by several doctors. He explains to the viewer that they are gathered in the Psychopharmacology Research Unit where researchers work in collaboration with the staff at the Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale [Brain and Mental Illness Clinic] which belongs to Paris’ Faculty of Medicine. “The topic is drugs. However, we are not referring to narcotics but rather the larger meaning of the word: all chemical substances that, when injected, modify how the organism and, more specifically, the nervous system function. Perhaps you've heard about drugs in your chemistry or physiology classes. Needless to say, before experimenting with them on humans, we study the effects of these drugs on animals”. By referring to courses that the viewer is supposed to have taken, Desgraupes indicates that he is addressing a school audience. (1’40)
Experimentation: Animals under the Influence
Sequence on animal experimentation. Following an introduction given by one of the doctors present, shots taken of cats placed in a “recording chamber” are shown and commentated by the doctor off-screen. The viewer first sees the cats in a normal state and then under the influence of a hypnotic called Nembutal, mescaline and the synthetic product 47-19(?). Graphical records of the animal’s cortex activity in cross section are shown. Under the hypnotic, the cat drowsily slumps to the floor. When under the effect of mescaline, “the animal typically assumes a kangaroo position with its back arched and hind legs spread apart. It can maintain this position for an hour and appears to be frightened of something unknown to the observer”. “Panting, fixed gaze, pricked ears are observed when under the effect of a similar product. The animal is watching something, but we do not know what. It appears to be very attentive and yet if we move a stick in front of it, its gaze does not follow. It is watching something only it can see”. When under the influence of the synthetic product, “the animal eats a fictitious meal. We can see that it is eating, yet there is nothing to eat. There is not even a stain on the floor”. Another cat is observed: “It is wild-eyed. The cat becomes frightening. We have never seen it like this before”. The camera returns to the charts. Below the uniformly oscillating lines, an uneven line with greater amplitude can be seen which is “characteristic of a state of drowsiness and yet the cat was not asleep”. (8’55)
Human Experimentation: A Carefully Considered Necessity
A doctor from the Brain and Mental Illness Clinic, also present, explains the conditions for passing from animal to human experimentation. “It is a vital transition for treating nervous disorders. It must be done with great precaution if we wish to learn from animal experiments. Precautions relate to dosage and data from the oral assessment. The advantage of humans is of course that they are able to explain how they feel. It is clear that we administer lower doses to humans”. (10’10)
Drug Classification
Sequence on the classification of drugs. Desgraupes reminds the viewer that classification is done according to their effects. The doctor shows a “very schematic” table: “Some substances calm the psyche such as sedatives, which are sometimes used excessively. Others, on the contrary, stimulate alertness and mood. The aim is to maintain a balance between melancholy and expansiveness. Others, hallucinogens, provoke experimental psychoses. These substances require, at the time of experimentation, electroencephalographic and heart monitoring. They absolutely fall within the meaning of the term ‘drugs’”. Desgraupes reiterates that the use of hallucinogens is rare. The doctor adds that inadequately controlled experimentation with these substances led to problems in North America. “Doctors must be the first to show an example of prudence”. The doctors brought product classification tables and encephalograms which they hold before the camera. It is difficult to concentrate on them since they are shown quickly and especially since there is no pause in commentary. (18’10)
Therapeutic Use of Psychotropic Drugs
A new, much more spectacular sequence dedicated to “diagnostic and chemotherapeutic research” using psychotropic drugs begins. It is filmed at Sainte-Anne Hospital in Paris. A man in a white lab coat is positioned for psychoanalysis. He is seated next to a bedridden patient seen from behind and facing the wall of the room. “How do you feel?” “A bit tired but I have all my mental faculties. I hear you very well”. The patient’s voice is dull and drags from one word to the next. The doctor turns to the camera. He appears to be reluctantly playing along. Slumped on his chair, he occasionally looks in the direction of Desgraupes positioned off-screen but more often than not he looks downwards, perhaps to read notes placed on his knees. He explains, “This patient is suffering from troubles related to the accident he had nearly two and a half years ago”. The cause of the accident will be given in the dialogue he establishes with the patient. The doctor continues, “This major accident did not cause him any brain injury. The trouble he complains of is therefore of psychological origin. The goal of the examination is to have the subject remember the exact circumstances of the accident or the traumas he had experienced during his childhood which may have been reactivated by the accident. These are topics he does not wish to discuss in a normal state. The purpose of the examination is therefore to reduce reluctance and bring to his consciousness what he has been hiding from us. First we administer a psycholeptic (a sedative), which reduces the subject’s alertness, and then a psychoanoleptic (an amphetamine), which intellectually stimulates the mind and, by reducing reluctance, will make the patient talk”. “That is to say that right now you are waking him up to have him talk?” questions Desgraupes. “That is exactly it,” replies the doctor. Since the start of the film, Desgraupes plays the role of journalist-intermediary. He tries to synthesise and reformulate the comments made by the speaker and even to have him or her clarify certain comments so that they are, as much as possible, within reach of a general audience. He therefore does his best to reinterpret the content shared in language that is more familiar to him. The doctor turns to the patient: “Do you remember the accident?” “Very well. We were in Belgium. We arrived at a crossroads. There was very thick fog”. A telephone rings. The doctor grimaces. Will the patient be troubled by it? No, he continues. He explains that the car struck a fountain located in the middle of the crossroads. At the doctor’s request, he specifies that he was on his way to his parents where he would sleep that night. “You’ve always lived with your parents?” “Yes”. “How do you get along with them?” “Very well”. “Very well? Hasn’t a member of your family also had an accident?” “Not to my knowledge”. The doctor then pulls out the old “Tell me about your parents” phrase. The patient points out that since his father was away at work, he spent much more time with his mother. The doctor then asks him if something happened to his mother when he was ten years old (a question to which the doctor apparently already knows the answer: it is not by chance that he brings up this specific point in time). The patient admits that his mother had a sore leg for an “undefinable reason”, to the point that it made her practically disabled. The doctor immediately establishes a link between his mother’s state and that of his very own, marked by repeated headaches. “It is a bit the same, no?” “In fact, yes”. He had never made the link, although he remembers also suffering from leg pain. Close-up of the attentive doctor. Off-screen, Desgraupes asks him if he feels that the patient is speaking more freely. “He has never before said what happened to his mother, whom he was very close to.” This is a new miracle in film-making: after two years of silence, it is when therapy is filmed that critical words are finally spoken. The doctor, while speaking, repeatedly strokes the naked arm of the patient with a cotton ball. “How do you feel now?” “I am more relaxed but am still suffering from a headache”. “You feel less pain, no?” “No, it is always that heavy ache which weighs”. The doctor simpers. Not everything is instantly solved before the camera. The truth just stated by the doctor on camera has not yet run its full course. (25’32)
Prohibited Drug Uses
Final sequence on the prohibited use of drugs. Another doctor who works at Sainte-Anne Hospital, interviewed by Desgraupes in his office, affirms that the illegal consumption of drugs especially concerns amphetamines and hallucinogens. Other drugs are limited “thanks to our legislation”. In his opinion, while the use of drugs allows for “interesting exploration of the subconscious when it takes place under the supervision of doctors, uncontrolled use, in particular with respect to LSD ‘which is talked about a lot lately,’ results in people ending up in the hospital with mental disorders. “They take mixtures, they take whatever they are given, whatever is handed to them. When you are not aware, these disorders mimic schizophrenia”. Desgraupes points out that twenty cases of this nature have been recently recorded at the hospital. (27’57)
The Film’s Doublespeak: Educate People about Drugs to Prevent Their Uncontrolled Use
The film stops there, partway through it seems. In the end, it becomes preventive despite the fact that Desgraupes had introduced the film by indicating that it would address drugs in the broad sense of the word, namely medical. Was this not a way to approach the strict meaning of the word, i.e. the meaning used by everyone and the “media”: the illegal toxic agent to which youth are exposed, without losing the attention of a young audience who would have felt directly attacked by a seemingly scientific moralistic discourse?
Notes complémentaires
Références et documents externes
Contributeurs
- Auteurs de la fiche : Joël Danet, Sherry Stanbury
- 2 Traducteurs_vers_anglais : Sherry Stanbury