La syphilis, l'ennemi public n°1 (1939)
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Générique principal
réalisés par le médecin lieutenant-colonel Lucien Jame, professeur agrégé du Val-de Grâce et S. M. Roullet, conférencier d'hygiène sociale
Contenus
Thèmes médicaux
- Pathologie du système uro-génital. Affections urinaires et génitales
- Maladies infectieuses et contagieuses, fièvres
Sujet
‘Anti-VD propaganda film.’ Syphilis prevention film in the form of a lecture given by a military doctor, with scientific shots, animated sequences and narrative elements. The film aims to be as direct as possible; the images are explicit, the tone is ‘man to man’, without judgement. In addition, the images are uncensored. The narrative sequences, sporadic and awkward, seem to have no logical place in the explanation. This film’s directors also worked on La blennorragie, danger social (Gonorrhoea: a Social Danger). The style is the same, as well as the tone. In the form of a cinematic lecture, the officer looks to speak frankly to the soldiers; placing himself less as their superior and more as the one responsible for their health, and takes advantage of the military setting to be direct with them.
Genre dominant
Résumé
The film features an army doctor who is addressing his men directly, through the direction of his attention and structure of his remarks. To assist with this, fictional sequences show people living out the pleasant or unpleasant consequences which the soldiers viewing this film could experience, based on their choices.
Contexte
Sexually transmitted diseases, considered as a social plague, were therefore the object of cinematographic campaigns since the turn of the 20th century. During the First World War, the surge in infectious pathologies in the military, such as gonorrhoea and syphilis, forced the development of health propaganda in order to wage a parallel war, not fought with the traditional kinds of weapons. Fear of discipline or stigmatisation made infected soldiers keep quiet, deferring the necessary treatment and continuing the cycle of contamination. To encourage them to step forward, the authorities felt it necessary to take a new, more understanding approach, especially given the distance from their families. When the film was made, recent medical advances for curing this illness had been crucial. In 1921, Ernest Fourneau developed Stovarsol, a compound derived from arsenic, at the Institut Pasteur. This compound was more stable, and taken orally. In 1934, the active ingredient of Salvarsan, discovered in 1920 by Carl Voegtlin and Homer Smith was introduced as a syphilis treatment under the name of Mapharsen. However, the main problem for doctors was the general public’s lack of awareness. Despite all of France’s information campaigns, the population still seemed insufficiently informed about the dangers of this plague.
Éléments structurants du film
- Images de reportage : Oui.
- Images en plateau : Oui.
- Images d'archives : Oui.
- Séquences d'animation : Oui.
- Cartons : Oui.
- Animateur : Oui.
- Voix off : Oui.
- Interview : Non.
- Musique et bruitages : Non.
- Images communes avec d'autres films : Non.
Comment le film dirige-t-il le regard du spectateur ?
The film looks to speak directly to soldiers through the intermediary of a military doctor on-screen, who looks towards the camera during his lecture and also narrates the film.
Comment la santé et la médecine sont-elles présentées ?
Health and medicine offer effective care without the risk of stigmatisation for the infected patient.
Diffusion et réception
Où le film est-il projeté ?
In military bases
Communications et événements associés au film
Public
Military (especially French national servicemen)
Audience
Descriptif libre
In an office, an officer stands next to a blackboard carrying the inscription ‘Average number of deaths per annum in France: 650,000. Average number of deaths per annum caused by syphilis: 140,000. Proportion: 1 death in 5.’ He searches for the camera with his eyes as he speaks bluntly, referring to syphilis as ’Public Enemy No. 1’. He explains that in order to fight it, the viewer’s help is required, that they must know the signs to look out for. During a micrography of the treponema pallidum, the narrator explains that its motility allows it to penetrate the mucous membranes and the skin during sexual intercourse, but also from a simple kiss. A drawing of a man and woman kissing, and then a man whose lower lip carries a chancre. The latter drawing fades into a shot of the same man, the drawing being replaced with his real image. A gloved hand examines a penis, showing a chancre. The officer states that when palpated between the fingers, the chancre gives an impression of hardness. The shot opens out to the doctor treating the patient. If the patient doesn’t receive treatment, syphilis spreads through the blood, states the narrator. Animated diagram of a human body with white vibrions spreading throughout it. Fictional scene: a man and woman are seated outside at a café. The woman looks at a white mark on the inside of her lower lip using a mirror in her powder box, puts on make-up and then takes a drink from her glass. When she puts it down, the boy stops to drink from it in turn. The audience is told to avoid the thoughtlessness of this young man, as transmission can be caused by infected objects. The officer has changed into a white coat to describe the second stage of the disease to us. Abscesses and ulcers show on an arm, buttocks and a collapsed nose, in succession. Animated diagram explaining how the aorta can be affected, then a fictional scene showing us the effects of this development: a man sat at his desk, on the telephone, suddenly clutches his chest, looks skyward and collapses (this excessively theatrical portrayal is inevitably met with laughter from today’s audience). Shot of a woman lying on a bed in a hospital, then on affected children, their eyes bulging as they stare at the camera. The officer explains that he doesn’t want to dwell on these dramas, and goes on to state how important prenuptial exams are. Close-up of a newspaper advert: “Syphilitics, be treated at the Institute of Universal Medicine. You will be healed IMMEDIATELY and may MARRY after two months of treatment. Discretion assured.” The officer warns the viewer to beware of quacks, and to speak to their family doctor instead. In a hospital room, a mother smiles at her baby, being held out to her by a nurse. “I want to finish on this word: CURE.” The word appears in capital letters on the screen. In an animated sequence, the silhouette of a man raises its arms in a sign of victory.
Notes complémentaires
Lucien Jame: born on the 20th of October 1891 in Gourdon (Lot department), the son of a police officer, studied at the school of military health. During the First World War, his bravery on the front made him worthy of recognition with many medals. After the armistice, he presented a thesis entitled Contribution à l'étude de la prophylaxie contre les maladies vénériennes (Contribution to the Study of Prophylaxis Against Venereal Diseases) (Lyon, 1919). An officer assigned to southern Algeria in 1921, he published articles on leprosy, tuberculosis and malaria. His success in the selection process in metropolitan France allowed him to become an officer –a doctor with the rank of Commander of the Toulouse Health Service, where he worked with Nicolas Dobo. In August 1943, he reached the height of his career by becoming commander of the Health Service in Algiers, and then in Rabat, Morocco. He supervised health operations during the liberations of Italy and France, as well as the invasion of Germany by the Allies. Grand Officer of the Légion d’honneur, he retired at the rank of General, nevertheless continuing to work in preventative medicine until his death on the 16th of June 1969.
Références et documents externes
Laukötter, Anja, Sex-richtigǃ Körperpolitik und Gefühlserziehung im Kino des 20. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen, Wallstein Verlag, 2021.
Nicolas Dobo et Pierre Jame, "Le Médecin Général Inspecteur Lucien Jame (1891-1969)", in Histoire des sciences médicales, vol 30, n°3, pp.381-388. (See below.)
Contributeurs
- Auteurs de la fiche : Joël Danet
- 2 Traducteurs_vers_anglais : Michael Craig
- Transcription Français : Michael Craig
- Sous-titres Anglais : Michael Craig