Dance, little children (1961)
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Générique principal
dance, little children
presented by the KANSAS BOARD OF HEALTH in cooperation with the U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
Informations recueillies sur IMDB :
Producteurs : Russell A. Mosser et Arthur H. Wolf
Scénariste : Margaret Travis
Directeur de la photographie : Norman Stuewe
Monteur : Chuck Lacey
Contenus
Thèmes médicaux
- Organisation des services de santé publique et professionnelle
- Prévention et contrôle des maladies infectieuses et contagieuses. Prévention des épidémies
- Pathologie du système uro-génital. Affections urinaires et génitales
- Maladies infectieuses et contagieuses, fièvres
Sujet
Presentation of the contact tracing procedure during a syphilis epidemic
Genre dominant
Résumé
A syphilis epidemic breaks out in the teenage population of a fictional small town in the United States. Due to the magnitude of the epidemic, the local health service must call upon the state health department. A field representative of the department is dispatched to the town where he interviews the infected teenagers and attempts to find all of their sexual partners in order to stop the epidemic.
Contexte
Medical context: Between the late 1940s and the mid-1950s, the number of people diagnosed with syphilis in the United States considerably dropped following the introduction of penicillin and the implementation of large-scale screening programmes (systematic screening took place before marriage, during pregnancy, before hiring an employee as well as among blood donors, immigrants and people being hospitalised or incarcerated). In 1955, the numbers reached a historic low – so low that people believed syphilis would be eradicated and that the measures in place were partially withdrawn as federal funding was decreasing. However, in the 1960s, the number of people infected quickly rose (Green et al. 214-217).
Social context: This film was shot a few years before the sexual liberation movement began (the mid-1960s). Evoking sexuality (especially teenage sexuality) in a utilitarian film intended for anyone was still particularly taboo at the time. The fact that the topic is discussed in this film in spite of everything is a testament to just how important it was to the sponsor (the Kansas Board of Health and the US Public Health Service).
Éléments structurants du film
- Images de reportage : Non.
- Images en plateau : Non.
- Images d'archives : Non.
- Séquences d'animation : Non.
- Cartons : Non.
- Animateur : Non.
- Voix off : Oui.
- Interview : Non.
- Musique et bruitages : Oui.
- Images communes avec d'autres films : Non.
Comment le film dirige-t-il le regard du spectateur ?
This film plays heavily on viewers’ emotions. The shy young woman arouses pity when she is unable to refuse the rich young man with whom she’s head over heels. Meanwhile, the arrogant young Don Juan, in taking her as his victim, provokes anger. The teenagers and the parents called on by the regional representative exhibit such a wide range of emotions and behaviours (shame, terror, pride, boastfulness, denial, etc.) that each viewer can surely identify with at least one of them. As for the regional representatives of the state health department, their characters are portrayed as being serious, meticulous, understanding and caring. It seems as though they can but be trusted and supported in their work (i.e. should the situation arise, viewers should accept to collaborate with them).
Particular care was given to the physical appearance of the main female characters in the film. Lynn Corwin is first seen in a straight and elegant dress which falls below the knee. Its material is dark and its neckline is sensible. She is wearing a pearl necklace and not a strand of hair is out of place. These various details are signs of a respectable and well-brought-up young woman. She is both an innocent victim and proof that even a proper young woman can catch syphilis. The woman whom the film indirectly accuses of giving Hal Grover syphilis is the one he meets "in another part of the state" (5'40). She is seen wearing a red long-sleeve shirt (a colour evoking prostitution?) and a plaid trouser with white lines that accentuate her curves. Her blond shoulder-length hair is down and blowing gently in the wind. The femininity that she radiates is very different from that of Lynn. She is perceived as being more liberated, less reserved and more provocative. These details portray her as being someone of bad character, from whom no good can come. Finally, the young anonymous woman that John Camp tries to identify (17'40) is also blond. (Is this sheer coincidence or inspired by certain stereotypes? While Lynn, a brunette, is reserved and an innocent victim of a one-night stand, the two carefree women who part-take in a pick-up are both blond). Nevertheless, the anonymous woman has the distinctive feature of being very tall with broad square shoulders, which does not seem to correspond with the “classic” ideal of femininity (a woman who is smaller than a man, slender and curvy). A spotlight must be pointed at her because the buttons on her cardigan are shining when Camp spots her standing alone, surveying the people around her with a slight smirk as if she were scoping out her next unsuspecting victim. In addition to this message which is only visually conveyed, the voice-over refers to her as a "potential source of syphilis".
Comment la santé et la médecine sont-elles présentées ?
Contrary to films on preventing sexually transmitted diseases, Dance, Little Children remains vague with respect to the symptoms of syphilis even though some of its long-term consequences are mentioned, notably those that affect "innocent victims" (the babies of syphilitic mothers). Moreover, the film gives absolutely no information on preventing infection (although viewers may indirectly take the reactions of certain characters as examples of what they should not do). The film also does not touch on methods for treating the disease. It rather seeks to present the effectiveness of contact tracing and the serious dedication of regional representatives from the American state health departments when it comes to eradicating a syphilis epidemic.
The regional representative of the health department is the hero (almost the superhero!) you call when your local health service is overwhelmed by a syphilis epidemic. He is anxiously awaited and the members of the local health service sigh in relief when they see him come. He is someone serious, conscientious, meticulous, perseverant and methodical who never backs down from a challenge. He knows how to deal with teenagers and their parents in order to obtain the information he needs. If his mission is not entirely successful, it is not due to a slip on his part but rather the “one who was forgotten”.
Nevertheless, contact tracing is not fully explained since the film never mentions what the regional representatives do with the names of the sexual partners given by the teenagers they interviewed. What will happen to the people whose names are given? Will they also be called to an interview? Will their families be informed? Will they be asked to undergo testing and offered treatment if needed? This is one of the weak points of the film. The vagueness and the uncertainty that persist could jeopardise the potential collaboration of certain viewers if they were to be contacted by a regional representative in charge of contact tracing.
Doctors are above all presented as professionals who carry out their duties, especially by notifying the local health service of cases of diagnosed syphilis. In so doing, they fulfil their legal obligations despite potential pressure or criticism from powerful people in the community (in this case, Hal Grover’s father) who wish to preserve the reputation of their family. Furthermore, doctors are not portrayed as frosty and rigid fountains of knowledge but as very human individuals: "Dr Sam", blinded by false perceptions of his patient, begins by misdiagnosing her (which can be linked to the nickname sometimes attributed to syphilis: “the great pretender”). However, after some reflection and some reading, he comes to his senses, considers the right diagnosis and calls the patient back in order to take the appropriate measures. As for the Grover’s family doctor, although he braves the wrath of Hal’s father and is forced to remind him of the law, he shows understanding and common sense vis-à-vis Mr Grover's distress.
A nurse is notably present in the local health department office but she does not say a word. (It is the head of the service who says who she is and explains that she has been interviewing the patients but can only do so much as she has a lot of other duties). The nurse in question appears to be particularly uncomfortable or perhaps it is simply the person playing her role who does not know which attitude to adopt.
Diffusion et réception
Où le film est-il projeté ?
Communications et événements associés au film
Public
Audience
Descriptif libre
The Naive Girl
Exterior/Night. A young man, Hal Grover, drops a young woman, Lynn Corwin, off at her doorstep. They kiss but there is some uneasiness between them. Hal pays Lynn a rather awkward compliment, "You’re alright", and is very vague with respect to setting a future date.
Lynn goes inside. Her mother has waited up for her. During their exchange, Lynn tries to hide her distress and to enthusiastically tell her mother about her evening out. Viewers understand that Lynn’s family is more modest than Hal’s family (Hal’s mother has her clothing made to measure by Mrs Corwin). Lynn thanks her mother for sewing her elegant dress, which she is certain helped her to impress Hal (or is she trying to convince herself of this?). Her mother replies, “Well then, dear, what the dress cost was worth it”. This reply makes viewers in 2018 ill at ease as it sounds like the reflection of people who congratulate themselves on making a good investment (in this case, a mother invested in attracting a suitable partner for her daughter). She therefore transforms Lynn into an object.
A voice-over mentions that the price to pay is in fact much higher than the dress itself. (3'58)
The Culprit: Prevailing Eroticism
Barrage of shots showing advertisements for lingerie and perfume; the covers of airport novels, adult magazines and women’s magazines; cinema posters of couples kissing; and more or less suggestive photos of actors (including Brigitte Bardot). Loud and very rhythmic – even wild – drumming is heard in the background. The voice-over disapproves of how society worships sex appeal “as if it were the essence of personality”. According to this commentary, teenagers simply imitate what they constantly see in their surroundings. While the music was instrumental at the very start of the film (and very close to the background music heard in an episode of an American TV series at that time), someone makes a selection on a Seeburg HF 100G jukebox and a rockabilly song, Dance, Little Children, begins to play. Viewers see alternating shots of the bottoms of young women dancing the twist (which had appeared just before the film was released), of young men enjoying the view and of young couples. (5'30)
The Young Woman: The Source of Syphilis
Exterior/Day. Hal and his two friends go to see drag races in another part of the state. They take Hal’s sports car, a red Chevrolet Impala, a sign of both his family’s wealth and his generation’s desire to live life in the fast lane. After the races, they go looking for entertainment in the city. The “entertainment" ends up taking the form of a young woman who is spotted walking nonchalantly through the city wearing a plaid, figure-hugging trouser. They drive up next to her and strike up conversation. She climbs into the car with them.
Exterior/Night. Hal’s friends wait for him, the collector of female conquests, in his car in front of a motel room where he is with the young woman. Finally, she leaves. One of his friend’s is shocked that he is not driving her home. Hal replies that she does not live far and that her parents do not allow her to be out with boys. The three pals burst with laughter at this reply. The camera films the girl from behind as she walks nonchalantly away. (7'55)
Syphilis Epidemic in Oakdale
One of the doctors in Oakdale speaks with the head of the local health department in the presence of a nurse. The doctor and his colleagues have reported a sudden appearance of several cases of syphilis. It is the start of an outbreak among teenagers between 12 and 19 years of age. As this small health department does not have the resources required to handle it on their own, they have called upon the state health department which is sending them a regional field representative trained for this type of situation: John Camp. (9'24)
Doctors Blinded by False Perceptions
Dr Sam Holdeene has an appointment with Lynn, a patient he has known forever. She complains of a rash on her entire body. After examining her, he concludes that it is a food allergy and prescribes a treatment. Lynn leaves his office. Close-up of the doctor’s worried face. The voice-over blends into an inner voice that suggests that she may have syphilis. Sam cannot imagine that someone like Lynn could catch a venereal disease. Is this because he figures that a young woman brought up as well as Lynn could not possibly have sexual relations outside of marriage? Nevertheless, being a man of science, the doctor pays no heed to his emotions and consults a book on syphilis. After coming to a new conclusion, he telephones Lynn and asks her to come back and see him. Meanwhile, the voice-over mentions the devastating effects of syphilis, clearly affirms that it must not go untreated and insists that Lynn be treated. (12'55)
Contact Tracing
John Camp meets with the young men and women who have been diagnosed with syphilis by the doctors of Oakdale. He asks them to name all of their sexual partners (with their family doctor’s consent but without their parents being present as the interview is confidential).
The majority of parents react vehemently. A father disowns his daughter. His exact words ("You’re welcome to her") even suggest that he gives John Camp permission to engage in sexual relations with her. A mother blames sexual education for arousing her son’s curiosity for these “filthy things”, and for his disease. Another father says that he is surprised that his son had the courage to even do the deed. He is clearly proud of his son’s exploits but refers to him using the particularly contemptuous or even crude term “pantywaist”, a man or boy who is effeminate or weak. (It is interesting to note that this term literally refers to a child’s undergarment whereby a shirt and pants are buttoned together at the waist and that it can be misinterpreted by some as “panty waste”, which calls to mind vaginal discharge found in the underwear of women.) He specifies however that he will not preach to his son as that is the Church’s job. This reflection implies that, for this father, abstinence is the only way to avoid syphilis. The film never makes reference or alludes to condoms. Other parents are convinced that it is not the fault of their son if he became infected. However, the last mother says the opposite.
Generally speaking, the thoughts shared by all parents simultaneously highlight their inflexibility, their tremendous distress, the total absence of communication between them and their children and their complete ignorance with respect to what their children are experiencing. If this film’s target audience is parents of teenagers, which could very well be the case, it is possible that this sequence is intended to act as a mirror, seeking to help viewers understand the impact that their rigid attitudes can have on the behaviour of their children. Did this strategy work? It may have also comforted some parents who have had false perceptions of their own.
The equally diverse reactions of the teenagers interviewed by John Camp (shame, defiance, aggressiveness, apparent indifference, attempted "chivalry" to protect the honour of his or her partner by refusing to give a name, etc.) are also an opportunity for the film to clear up some misconceptions and to pass along some messages. For example, syphilis cannot be caught on toilet seats but by having sex with an infected individual, refusing to give the name of sexual partners is equivalent to sentencing them to death, regional representatives act in the best interest of the community and their unique goal is to stop the transmission of the disease. (16'38)
The Anonymous Partner
The film places particular emphasis on a specific situation: a pick-up with an anonymous partner. Armed with a very vague description, John Camp leaves his office to investigate a known hang out. Despite having little to go off of and the crowd, he manages to identify the “potential source of syphilis”. Why would she be a more likely potential source of syphilis than the other people affected by the outbreak? The film does not say anything of the like, but the remarkable height of this young woman, her square shoulders, her mysterious smile and the dramatic music that accompanies her appearance on-screen give her a vaguely devilish look. The film does not mention what John Camp will do after identifying her with such brio. Will he speak with her? If so, what will he say to her? This silence is one of the weak points of the film. The vagueness and uncertainty that hovers here could make viewers have doubts regarding the response they should have if they are contacted for contact tracing. (18'50)
Syphilis Knows No Border
Another complication arises: one of the sexual partners named lives in another state. John Camp alerts the state health department in question. It is one of his colleagues who will try to track down the young man. As this individual has moved, the representative must make inquiries in the neighbourhood in order to find out where he now lives. (How does he introduce himself to the neighbours? How does he explain why he is looking for so and so?) His search is successful, but once again the film does not say what he does after obtaining the contact details of the person in question.
The Oakdale epidemic spreads throughout the country and beyond (Mexico). (18'58)
The Anger and Distress of a Wealthy Father
Hal Grover’s father criticizes his family doctor. He accuses him of breaching medical confidentiality by reporting Hal’s disease to the state health department and threatens him with legal proceedings. The doctor reminds him that he is required by law to report all venereal diseases that he diagnoses. Mr Grover vehemently expresses the shame he and his wife feel. However, he loses his haughtiness when he explains that when he told Hal that he did not want to claim him for a son, Hal replied that he had never done so in the first place. (Violins). And yet, Mr Grover had satisfied all of his son’s material desires since his early childhood and was always financially very generous towards him. What more could he want? The doctor hazards a response: Hal’s behaviour and his multiple female conquests perhaps suggest that he is looking for somebody who cares. (21'05)
Kindness and Understanding among Parents of Modest Income
Dr Sam meets with Lynn Corwin and her parents. He has clearly just shared his diagnosis with them. Mrs Corwin wipes away some tears. Mr Corwin would love to give Hal a good hiding, but the doctor dissuades him. Lynn explains that she is just as much at fault as Hal, that she betrayed her parents’ trust. She agreed to have sexual relations with Hal because she wanted him to like her. She breaks down in tears and her mother comforts her while Dr Sam speaks with Mr Corwin (perhaps about methods of treatment). The parental behaviour, in terms of gender, is very stereotypical: the mother expresses her emotions and tries to help her daughter cope with her own, whereas the father immediately plays the role of protector (to avenge his daughter’s honour) and then of a rational being concentrated on his discussion with the doctor. The voice-over explains that Lynn is luckier than the other teenagers because her parents are understanding. She will rid herself of the physical illness but perhaps not of its emotional consequences. (Which consequences exactly? The regret of giving in to a Don Juan? The shame of losing her virginity before marriage? The sadness of not having been loved in return?) (22'11)
Final Twist
All of the infected will be treated and the syphilis outbreak in Oakdale will come to an end. The tension subsides. Yet just like in some thrillers or horror films, there is a twist at the very last minute: someone was forgotten. The young woman with the plaid trouser that Hal and his friends met the day of the drag races is shot from behind as she nonchalantly walks down the pavement, followed by a young man who is irresistibly attracted to her. The film comes to a close with three questions: Is this your town? Is this your daughter? Is this your son? The song Dance, Little Children plays once again.
This film clearly aims to introduce viewers to contact tracing and to gain their support for this procedure by convincing them of its effectiveness and informing them of its legal framework (the obligation of doctors to report venereal diseases, to uphold medical confidentiality, to ensure the confidentiality of interviews with the representative from the health department). Furthermore, it also critiques society (the son of the well-to-do behaves as a Don Juan, his father has no control over him, parents of humble origin are much more understanding, their relationship with their daughter is closer) and puts forth a psychological analysis by highlighting the tumultuous parent-child relationship during adolescence. Is this deliberate? This question is difficult to answer in the absence of additional information.
Finally, one of the weak points of this film undoubtedly resides in its rather unilateral accusations that young women are the source of the syphilis outbreak (“the tall aggressive blonde, a potential source of syphilis” when speaking about the anonymous woman from the stadium and the young woman with the figure-hugging plaid trouser “because of whom” the threat of the disease still hovers at the end of the film). After all, Hal Grover, the unremorseful seducer, must have also spread his fair share of germs!
Notes complémentaires
Références et documents externes
Green, T. et al. "The control of syphilis, a contemporary problem: a historical perspective". Sexually Transmitted Infections, vol. 77, no. 3, 2001, pp. 214-217. BMJ Publishing Group, doi: 10.1136/sti.77.3.214. Accessed 4 December 2017.
Orgeron, Devin, et al. Learning with the lights off: Educational film in the United States. Oxford University Press, 2012.
Contributeurs
- Auteurs de la fiche : Élisabeth Fuchs
- 2 Traducteurs_vers_anglais : Sherry Stanbury
- Transcription Anglais : Chloé Bourgogne
- Sous-titres Français : Chloé Bourgogne