Clarté dans la nuit (1954)
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Générique principal
Contenus
Thèmes médicaux
- Système nerveux. Organes des sens
- Troubles des fonctions et du métabolisme
- Ophtalmologie. Maladie des yeux et traitements
Sujet
Schooling and professional training for blind youth in line with the principles established by Louis Braille
Genre dominant
Résumé
The film presents teaching methods that, thanks to the work of Louis Braille, enable blind youth not only to gain access to the various disciplines making up traditional education, artistic culture as well as professional training but also to enter the workforce. It is a message of hope that promises the blind a future filled with possibilities. Braille’s memory lives on as he is remembered with emotion and gratitude throughout the film. xxx
Contexte
The first school for blind children was founded by Valentin Haüy (1745-1822) in Paris in 1784. Nicknamed the “first teacher of the blind”, he was influenced, in part, by the philosophy of Enlightenment (especially by Diderot and his Lettre sur les aveugles à l’usage de ceux qui voient [Letter on the Blind for the Use of Those Who Can See]) and by the Abbé de l’Épée (inventor of the manual alphabet for the deaf). Haüy opened the Royal Institution for Blind Youth in Paris where students could learn not only to read using “tangible letters” but also to practice a trade. Shortly after, the institute was transferred to the site of the current day National Institution for Blind Youth. At that time, music lessons were already being taught there. It was in this institution where Louis Braille studied, taught and notably invented his alphabet. Other institutions were created in the 19th century by religious congregations. Generally, these institutions welcomed both blind students and deaf students even though different teaching methods were applied accordingly.
During a large part of the 20th century, educating the blind was the responsibility of the Ministry of Health (and not the Ministry of Education). A few classes for those with impaired or dim vision were offered within primary schools run by the City of Paris, but the majority of blind students remained confined to specialised institutions. The law on education of 1975 “in favour of disabled people” marked a turning point. From then on, all children are subject to mandatory education and receive a regular education or “otherwise, a special education”.
Éléments structurants du film
- Images de reportage : Oui.
- Images en plateau : Non.
- Images d'archives : Oui.
- Séquences d'animation : Non.
- Cartons : Non.
- Animateur : Non.
- Voix off : Oui.
- Interview : Non.
- Musique et bruitages : Oui.
- Images communes avec d'autres films : Non.
Comment le film dirige-t-il le regard du spectateur ?
Surprisingly, while the film was clearly shot for a sighted audience (school television in the 50s), the voice-over constantly addresses blind youth (in this case, the two children who accompany the elderly man to the tombstone of Louis Braille at the very start of the film). This opens viewers' eyes to a world generally unfamiliar to them (in a slightly voyeuristic way?), perhaps in an effort to give the TV show a stamp of authenticity.
Blind, professionally active adults (a teacher, an anatomy professor, a masseur, musicians, a farmer, a switchboard operator, workers in a soap factory, etc.) punctuate the TV show. Some are even referred to by name: Jean Langlais, Jacques Mamy, Jean Séverin and Gaston Litaize. They are an example of professional fulfilment and even huge success despite the disability and lend support to the message of hope and endless possibilities conveyed throughout the film. It is interesting to note that the blind are primarily portrayed as living among themselves, in a bubble, and that their socialisation and adjustment to the outside world is not addressed at all.
The final sequence showing the musical programme is a surprise that surely aims to reignite viewers’ interest and make them understand the significance of providing the blind with an arts education. It gives viewers the impression that the blind are endowed with a particular sensitivity to music, thus giving them an edge in this art form. Nevertheless, viewers should keep in mind that music lessons have been part of schooling for blind youth since the first specialised institutions opened their doors and that Louis Braille not only adapted his alphabet to the transcription of sheet music (International Braille Music Notation) but also was a talented organist himself. It is therefore not so surprising that the education of blind youth includes such a strong musical component.
Comment la santé et la médecine sont-elles présentées ?
Diffusion et réception
Où le film est-il projeté ?
Schools
Communications et événements associés au film
Public
School audience
Audience
Descriptif libre
Preamble: Return to the Tombstone of Louis Braille
Lettering superimposed on an image of a park. Music with a hint of melancholy played by string instruments is heard throughout most of the sequence. A man and two children walk down a wide path. Viewers suspect, based on the little boy’s gaze that he is blind. They turn and enter into a cemetery. The little girl hesitates and barely avoids walking into a headstone, which indicates to viewers that she too is blind. Finally, the man’s posture and gait leads viewers to the same conclusion. Together, they make their way to a tombstone on which both children place a bouquet of flowers. The boy moves with more assurance than the little girl who slides her hand over the tombstone before setting her bouquet down and cautiously making her way back to where the man (the grandfather of the children?) is standing. Close-up of Louis Braille’s name inscribed on the tombstone. (It is worth noting that in 1955, the year the TV show was produced, Louis Braille’s tomb in Coupvray (Seine-et-Marne) only contained his hands: the rest of his body had already been transferred to the Panthéon in 1952.
Commentary: "Louis Braille […]. It is he who gave us light. Never forget what we owe him”.(02’14)
Kindergarten for Blind Children
The upbeat music of a transverse flute plays in the background. The same two children are seen in a classroom. The little girl feeds a bird in a cage while the boy strokes a stuffed chicken placed before him. Male voice-over (the grandfather?): “Both of you are luckier than I was. Today, people help you to discover the world from a young age”. The rest of TV show serves to illustrate this statement.< br/>Various hands-on classroom activities occupy the other students: some discover stuffed animals, solve puzzles whereby they stack or insert objects, fill buckets with sand, etc. A boy stands up and feels his way to a wooden horse that he mounts with some difficulty. He rocks back and forth with a grin with his head always tilted down. Wide shot of the classroom that brings the teacher into the frame of the camera. In one of the following shots, she is seen speaking (telling a story?) to students gathered around her. (04’02)
Primary School: Learning How to Read, Write and Do Arithmetic
Softer music plays that is more subdued than in the previous sequence. Commentary: "Before Braille, the blind had to recognise each letter of the alphabet by its raised shape. Few managed to do so”. (This is notably in reference to Valentin Haüy’s tangible reading method consisting of fabric letters sewn on paper, which enabled the blind to learn how to read but not to write). “At the age of 15, he invented a method that could be applied to reading, writing, arithmetic and music, which was immediately adopted by blind people throughout the world". His statue glistens in the spotlight. Close-up of the Braille alphabet. "240 methods have since tried to replace this one. Each time, we’ve had to come back to the Braille method”. The voice-over continues to speak to the two children from the start and offers them a message of hope: “You will both learn how to write”. A little girl places a sheet of paper on a metal slate and closes the frame to fasten it in place in preparation to write in Braille. The hands of the teacher correct the way she holds her stylus. The teacher briefly does the same with other children. She is also clearly blind.
Travelling shot on children systematically placing small cubes into a tray with slots arranged in a grid. This is likely a learning exercise in numeration.
Read-aloud session with the same blind teacher. Wide shot of all students taking out a large, thick book from below their desk followed by a close-up of a little girl whose fluid reading arouses admiration among viewers. The movement of the left hand, which locates the start of each line, and of the right hand, which quickly passes over each line of raised points, is easily observed. Side shot of the teacher who follows along and then of all the students who all seem to be in deep concentration. (06’04)
Education Continues beyond Primary School
Anatomy lesson using an anatomical model. The students are all adolescent boys. Plastic intestines are passed from one student to the next. The teacher is also blind. He runs his fingers over the organ to recognise it. The commentary mentions the possibility of learning autonomously: “Today, you can advance on your own and acquire a deep understanding of the human body, for instance”. However, up until now, the show has not shown a blind student learning autonomously. A teacher is always present to guide students or structure learning.
Geography with raised globes and maps of France. Mathematics with raised geometrical drawings in a book. The commentary specifies that all scientific disciplines are within their grasp. The TV show seeks to show that subjects traditionally taught in schools are accessible to blind students. The viewer thus gathers that they will soon acquire the same knowledge as any other student. (06’44)
Transition: Break
In the school playground, girls form a circle whereas others stroll arm in arm.(07’02)
Beyond Core Subjects: Education in Music
Medium shot of Jean Langlais, composer and organist, who “will be among your teachers”. This piece of information makes it possible to identify the institution where the show is filmed. It is the Royal Institution for Blind Youth in Paris where Jean Langlais taught. Full-face shot of the teacher who conducts a choir of adolescents and young adults singing one of his “Kyrie”. Shot of the hands of young women following sheet music in Braille and then of young men using a slight high angle shot that nevertheless shows them in full. For viewers who have some experience in choir singing, the scene captured in the wide shot appears to be out of the ordinary. The choirmaster keeps time in rigid and cliché manner for the choristers and an organist who cannot see his movements. Is this really how it takes place in reality or is it simply recreated for the sake of viewers? (08’00)
Professional Training
The soft music of string instruments plays once again. Commentary: “Music is not the only thing in life. People have to live and work”. Various artisanal workshops are shown: sewing (with sewing machines), brush making, reseating and basketwork. Other trades are presented: woodturner, switchboard operator, typist and stenotype operator. The blind are concentrated on their movements, indifferent to everything else going on around them.
Longer sequence on the possibility of learning to become a masseur. A blind teacher walks in a classroom, surrounded by students manipulating bones. The teacher manipulates the arm of a skeleton: demonstrating antipulsion followed by abduction (for whom is this demonstration intended? The students cannot see it). Dissolve to the same teacher performing the same movements on a man. This time a student approaches and places his hands on the shoulder and forearm of the man to feel the movement of the articulation. The reasons for giving anatomy classes to adolescents in a previous sequence (06’05) are now clear to viewers.
Similarly, an explanation for giving music classes to blind youth is then provided: so that they can become a piano tuner. The voice-over stresses the complexity of the inner workings of the instrument (85 keys, each triggering the movement of 173 parts), perhaps to arouse viewer admiration given the challenge of learning such a trade, especially without sight. Another possible career in music: professional pianist or organist, provided you have a gift for music. The word “gift” pronounced here suddenly calls to mind a word that is not pronounced once in all the film: “disability”.
The organ teacher is “Mr” André Marchal, “the famous organist from Saint-Eustache in Paris”. (It is interesting to note that other musicians referred to by name are not addressed as “Mr”. Is this a sign of special admiration on the part of Jacques Mamy who contributed to making the show?) (12’07)
Professional Life
Occupations taken up by blind people are mentioned: switchboard operator, printer, masseur, worker in a soap factory, etc. For each occupation, emphasis is either placed on the level achieved by the blind in their line of work (the switchboard operator notably works for a large company, the masseur holds a state diploma, etc.) or the fact that the blind community does not rely on sighted people (blind people oversee the printing of books in Braille; at the soap factory, only the supervisor can see, etc.). Sequence lasting approximately 90 seconds depicting work in a soap factory, beginning with the preparation of glycerine and leading right up to the packaging of soap. The words “canne blanche” (white cane) are carved into each bar of soap. The sequence ends with a call to charity made in a low and slightly pleading tone: “And, if you stumble upon soap or any other product made by the blind, buy it. You will be ultimately giving these men and women what they want most: not pity but work”. This is the only moment in the TV show where the voice-over does not address blind youth but (sighted) viewers. (14’48)
The Blind Castellan
View of a manor. A man walks towards some farm buildings. His name is Jean Séverin. In all of the film, he is the only blind person portrayed as having true autonomy. He gets around with ease. “Alone, he is responsible for and manages a large farm”. He knows how to care for and recognises the age of each of his “800 plus sheep” by their ear markings. Dressed as a gentleman farmer, he goes to visit his fields on horseback. The people working the land come to say hello. This is how he makes his way across his “two hundred hectares of fields that he knows by heart”, using his hearing to orient himself. The slight low angle shot showing Jean Séverin on horseback (16’50) brings to mind the image of a lone cowboy in a western and transforms this blind farmer into a larger-than-life hero, one who never hesitates nor loses his way. (17’56)
Other Exceptional Blind People: Two Musicians
- Organist Gaston Litaize, Prix de Rome for music
- Jacques Mamy, one of the authors of the show and composer of its original soundtrack. Piano soloist, he performs in grand concerts. He is the producer and host of the radio programme Clarté dans la nuit, a programme “dedicated to the blind” in which he performs compositions by blind musicians (is this an opportunity to subtly promote the programme?).
Contrary to the previous sequence, the blindness of these men is evident: G. Litaize runs his hand along the wall to reach the organ and J. Mamy is filmed making a speech that he reads in Braille.
Jacques Mamy is seen conducting a chamber orchestra for two minutes. Some musicians are clearly blind (black glasses). The music provokes contemplation, makes viewers all the more mindful of the performers’ tense expression, as if they had access to their inner being. (20’22)
Return to the Tombstone of Louis Braille
The music continues. The elderly man exits the cemetery with the two children. They make their way up the same path they came down in the opening scene. The path before them is straight and seemingly without obstacles.
Notes complémentaires
The programme Clarté dans la nuit produced and/or hosted by Jacques Mamy was broadcast on the national French radio station by Radio Diffusion Française (RDF) from 1948 to November 1963 then by Radio Télévision Française (RTF) from 1964 onwards. It was broadcast on France Musique from 1963 to 1976.
Références et documents externes
DIDEROT D. Lettre sur les aveugles à l'usage de ceux qui voient. Londres, 1749
LEWI-DUMONT N. "De l'établissement charitable à l'inclusion". In LEWI-DUMONT N., Enseigner à des élèves aveugles ou malvoyants, Poitiers: Réseau Canopé and Suresnes: INS HEA, 2016
[https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00731748/document Nathalie Lewi-Dumont. Éducation et enseignement. Voir [barré], 2011, pp.98-105. �halshs-00731748�]
Contributeurs
- Auteurs de la fiche : Élisabeth Fuchs, Joël Danet
- 2 Traducteurs_vers_anglais : Sherry Stanbury