L'école de plein air du 19e arrondissement à Pavillon-sous-Bois pour enfants chétifs (1929)
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Générique principal
Ecole de plein air du 19e arrondissement à Pavillons sous Bois pour enfants chétifs.
Contenus
Thèmes médicaux
- Hygiène en relation avec l'âge, le sexe, l'origine ethnique
- Organisation des services de santé publique et professionnelle
- Prévention et contrôle des maladies infectieuses et contagieuses. Prévention des épidémies
Sujet
The specific schooling of children with a weak constitution.
Genre dominant
Résumé
The Colonie des Enfants de Paris (centre for Parisian children), located in Pavillon-sous-Bois, takes in children with a weak constitution living in the 19th arrondissemen of Paris. All activities (classes, gymnastics, nap and afternoon snack) occur outdoors, under the close watch of specialized staff.
Contexte
The so-called social hygiene science began to expand during the 1920s. This legacy of Pasteur’s research intended to prevent the spreading of germs by establishing hygiene standards. Film director Jean-Benoît Levy was very involved in this movement, and became its main spokesperson in the cinematographic field. The French social hygiene movement notably promoted open-air schools taking in, after the Great War, physically and mentally deficient children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Stemming from the common reflection of educationalists, doctors and architects, these schools offered an alternative teaching method which was supposed to allow children to thrive in a specific environment combining education and healthcare. This movement was associated with the growing interest in the education of the working-class.
Éléments structurants du film
- Images de reportage : Oui.
- Images en plateau : Non.
- Images d'archives : Non.
- Séquences d'animation : Non.
- Cartons : Oui.
- Animateur : Non.
- Voix off : Non.
- Interview : Non.
- Musique et bruitages : Non.
- Images communes avec d'autres films : Non.
Comment le film dirige-t-il le regard du spectateur ?
Here, the viewer is invited to connect each short, precise and clear intertitle to the following sequence. The method is purely descriptive and straightforward. The best possible image of the school is offered by showing the successful implementation of high standard services. This is after all very similar to nowadays’ engaging leaflets ; this presentation intends to lure in parents who might wish to enroll their children in this school.
Comment la santé et la médecine sont-elles présentées ?
A particular emphasis is placed on body hygiene (with nurses washing the children), but also on health practices that, according to the medical principles of the time, helped prevent respiratory infections such as tuberculosis. Indeed, doctors prescribe rest cures, heliotherapy, gentle exercises, as well as closeness to nature and fresh air, while ensuring a clinical follow-up of the children, just like in a sanatorium.
Diffusion et réception
Où le film est-il projeté ?
Paris and the Paris region.
Communications et événements associés au film
Public
The general public.
Audience
Descriptif libre
Combining education and healthcare
The film is made up of short sequences showing the sickly children daily routine. The opening sequence features children playing leapfrog in the school playground. Then, in the sequence called “Arrival”, children hop off the bus that drove them to school, and are taken in by the staff. The following sequence, called “Hygiene”, features a nurse washing a child, while the others stand in front of the shower, waiting for their turn. A class is given in the third sequence – “School”. Boys are bare-chested, while girls wear jumpsuits. Quotes are hung on the classroom walls. Children raise their hands to answer the teacher’s question. “Outdoor lesson”, the fourth sequence, features the same teacher carrying on his lesson outside. This time, all children are fully dressed and wear hats. In the next sequence called “Respiratory exercises”, children are performing a series of movements in the school park. Immediately after, we can see the children having their lunch in the canteen – the intertitle introducing this sequence seems to be missing. The next sequence is called “Compulsory outdoor nap, normal position, no pillow”. Children lie on camp beds set in front of the school building, and rest under the close watch of a nurse. Once the teacher blows his whistle, they get up and put their beds away. In the “Sun bathing” sequence, children are lying down on the grass. When the teacher blows his whistle, they turn over. The sequence called “outdoor playtime” features children having a good time in the school park. The “weekly medical examination” sequence features a doctor and his assisting nurse examining the children. The final sequence - “Afternoon tea” - adds a rather humorous touch to the film. There, we can see the teacher running towards the school building, followed by numerous children. He jumps over lined up tables, just to get there faster. Some of the children follow his lead, while others get around the obstacle.
The film aims at presenting a school that implements methods adapted to the children’s specific needs while providing a conventional education.
We can divide up these sequences in two categories. The first one shows the traditional aspect of the school, with the fulfillment of all basic requirements. This intends to reassure the viewer . The “School” shot definitely belongs to this category: that lessons are taught in this school is no surprise. And yet, showing this is necessary when presenting the institution. Sequences showing the specificities of the school for sickly children belong to the second category. This includes, for instance, shots promoting heliotherapy. Their intertitles are usually more descriptive: indeed, a sequence introduced by a phrase such as “medical examination” is far less meaningful than a “weekly medical examination” intertitle, that lays stress on the regularity of medical care. Likewise, the “School” shot is immediately followed by the “Outdoor teaching” for a reason, i.e., emphasizing the specificities of the latter.
Notes complémentaires
The film was shot by technicians from the Gaumont company.
Références et documents externes
Contributeurs
- Auteurs de la fiche : Elena Iuliani – Gauthier Feuga – Emmanuel Nuss
- 2 Traducteurs_vers_anglais : Eurielle Mir-Pardina, Michael Craig
- Sous-titres Anglais : Michael Craig, Eurielle Mir-Pardina